The liquid-phase plate washing techniques operate by removing residual soluble bromides or iodides from the emulsion, thereby increasing the silver ion concentration in the vicinity of the photosensitive grain.
2.
This was done with the introduction of the " channel filler " an optical element used as a refractive medium, also called " random-phase plate ".
3.
Orbital angular momentum states with l = \ pm 1 occur naturally, there are a number of ways of creating OAM states of arbitrary l in the lab including via spiral phase plates, spatial light modulators and q-plates.
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